UC-NRLF 


B    3 


SRCF'TH    OF   OAK    III  TEE   OZARKS 

Univ.  Isaonri   Hollas0    oi> 

.:<nerimer/u    otntio 

'.illetin  41 
.roh,    1921 


UNIVERSITY   OF  MISSOURI  COLLEGE   OF   AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL   EXPERIMENT   STATION 

RESEARCH  BULLETIN  41 


GROWTH  OF  OAK  IN  THE 
OZARKS 


COLUMBIA,   MISSOURI 
MARCH,  1921 


UNIVERSITY   OF  MISSOURI  COLLEGE   OF   AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL   EXPERIMENT   STATION 

RESEARCH  BULLETIN  41 


GROWTH  OF  OAK  IN  THE 
OZARKS 

(Publication  Authorized  October  20,  1920) 


COLUMBIA,   MISSOURI 
MARCH,  1921 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MISSOURI 


COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station 

BOARD   OF  CONTROL 

THE  CURATORS  OF  THE   UNIVERSITY   OF  MISSOURI 

EXECUTIVE  BOARD   OF  THE  UNIVERSITY 

H.  J.  BLANTON,  JOHN  H.  BRADLEY,  JAS.  E.  GOODRICH, 

Paris  Kennett  Kansas  City 


ADVISORY    COUNCIL 

THE  MISSOURI   STATE  BOARD   OF  AGRICULTURE 


OFFICERS    OF    THE    STATION 

A.   ROSS   HILL,  PH.  D.,  LL.  D.,  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY 
F.  B.  MUMFORD,  M.   S.,  DIRECTOR 


STATION    STAFF 

MARCH,   1921 


AGRICULTURAL     CHEMISTRY 
C.  R.   MOULTON,  Ph.  D. 
L.  D.  HAIGH,  Ph.  D. 
W.  S.  RITCHIE,  A.  M. 
E.   E.   VANATTA,  M.   S.a 
R.   M.   SMITH  A.   M. 
T.   E.   FRIEDMANN,   B.   S. 
A.  R.   HALL,   B.   S.  in  Agr. 
E    G.   SIEVEKING,    B.    S.   in  Agr. 
G.  W.  YORK,  B.   S.  in  Agr. 
C.    F.    AHMANN,    A.    B. 

AGRICULTURAL     ENGINEERING 
J.   C.  WOOLEY,   B   .S. 
MACK  M.  JONES,  B.  S. 

ANIMAL    HUSBANDRY 

E.  A.  TROWBRIDGE,   B.   S.   in  Agr. 
*k. -A.r  WEAVER,  B.  S.  in  Agr. 

A,  \G.'  HOCAN,  Ph.  D. 

F.  'B/  MfrMFORD,    M.    S. 

D^  Wr.  CHFT'TIJNDEN,  B.  S.  in  Agr. 
rPAUL*  R c BARNARD,   B.   S.  in  Agr. 
'A"  -T.r  $f>i*JGER,   B.   S.   in  Agr. 
H.  D.   Fox,   B.   S.   in   Agr. 

BOTANY 

W.  J.  ROBBINS,  Ph.  D. 
E.   F.    HOPKINS,   Ph.   D. 

DAIRY    HUSBANDRY 

A.  C.   RAGSDALE.  B.   S.  in  A.gr. 
W.   W.   SWETT,   A.   M. 

WM.    H.    E.   REID,   A.    M. 
SAMUEL    BRODY,    M.    A. 

C.  W.  TURNER,  B.  S.  in  Agr. 

D.  H.   NELSON,   B.   S.   in  Agr. 

ENTOMOLOGY 
LEONARD  HASEMAN,  Ph.  D. 
K.  C.  SULLIVAN,  A.  M. 
O.   C.   MCBRIDE, 

FIELD    CROPS 
W.   C.   ETHERIDGE,  Ph.  D. 
C.  A.   HELM,  A.  M. 
L.  J.  STADLER,  A.  M. 
O.  W.  LETSON,  B.  S.  in  Agr. 

E.  O.   POLLOCK,   B.   S.   in   Agr. 

B.  B.   BRANSTETTER,   B.   S.   in   Agr. 


RURAL  LIFE 

O.  R.  JOHNSON,  A.   M. 

S.    D.    GROMER,    A.    M. 

R.    C.   HALL,   A.    M. 

BEN    H.    FRAME,    B.    S.    in    Agr. 

FORESTRY 
FREDERICK  DUNLAP,  F.  E. 

HORTICULTURE 
V.  R.  GARDNER,  M.  S.  A. 
H.   D.   HOOKER,  JR.,   Ph.  D. 
J.  T.  ROSA,  JR.,   M.  S. 
F.  C.  BRADFORD,  M.  S. 
H.   G.   SWARTWOUT,   B.  S.   in  Agr. 

POULTRY  HUSBANDRY 
H.  L.  KEMPSTER,  B.  S. 

SOILS 

M.  F.   MILLER,   M.   S.  A. 
H.   H.   KRUSEKOPF,  A.   M. 
W.  A.  ALBRECHT,   Ph.  D. 
F.  L.   DULEY,   A.   M. 
R.    R.    HUDELSON,   A.    M. 
WM.  DEYOUNG,  B.  S.  in  Agr. 
H.   V.   JORDAN,   B.   S.   in   Agr. 
RICHARD   BRADFIELD,   A.    B. 
O.   B.  PRICE,   B.    S.   in  Agr. 

VETERINARY   SCIENCE 
J.   W.    CONNAWAY,   D.   V.    S.,    M.   D. 
L.   S.   BACKUS,   D.   V.   M. 
O.  S.  CRISLER,  D.  V.  M. 
A.   T.   DURANT,  A.   M. 
H.   G.  NEWMAN,  A.   M. 

ZOOLOGY 

GEORGE  LEFEVRE,  Ph.  D. 

OTHER    OFFICERS 
R.    B.    PRICE,    M.    S.,   Treasurer 
LESLIE   COWAN,   B.   S.,   Sercretary 
S.  B.  SHIRKEY,  A.    M.,   Asst.  to  Director 
A.  A.  JEFFREY,   A.   B.,   Agricultural  Editor 
J.   F.  BARHAM,  Photographer 
Miss    BERTHA    KITE/    Seed    Testing    Lab- 
oratory. 


*In    service    of    U.    S.    Department    of    Agriculture. 
2On  leave   of   absence 


Agnc. -.Forestry.  Mam  library 


GROWTH  OF  OAK  IN  THE  OZARK3 

FREDERICK  DUNLAP 

INTRODUCTION 

The  objects  of  this  publication  are  to  show  the  rate  of  growth 
of  the  principal  species  of  oak  on  certain  poor  soils  of  the  Ozark 
Region  of  Missouri;  to  furnish  volume  tables  for  use  in  computing 
the  volumes  of  standing  timber;  and  to  furnish  a  preliminary  basis 
for  the  selection  of  those  species  of  timber  trees  best  fitted  for  cul- 
tivation under  forestry  practice  in  this  region. 

Timber  trees  are  selected  on  the  basis  of  the  growth  they 
make.  To  learn  the  productivity  of  any  annual  crop  like  corn,  it 
is  sufficient  to  measure  the  harvest.  In  an  orchard  such  simple 
procedure  is  no  longer  sufficient.  Measuring  the  productivity  of  a 
forest  is  a  still  more  complicated  procedure  because  there  is,  as  in 
the  orchard,  a  juvenile  period  during  which  no  crop  can  be  har- 
vested and  the  forest  lacks  what  the  orchard  has,  a  definite  ripen- 
ing of  the  crop  when  it  must  be  gathered  or  lost.  The  decision 
as  to  when  a  forest  crop  is  ripe  rests  on  financial  rather  than  bio- 
logical consideration.  A  given  oak  forest  may  be  managed  for 
the  production  of  either  mine  props,  railroad  ties,  saw  timber  or 
veneer  logs;  and  which  is  the  most  profitable  product  depends  on 
market  price  in  relation  to  growing  period.  Forest  productivity 
varies  from  decade  to  decade  in  the  same  stand  and  its  measure- 
ment is  not  a  simple  matter. 

This  bulletin  deals  with  one  factor  of  forest  productivity — the 
growth  of  the  individual  tree.  Other  factors  are  density  of  stand, 
soil  and  climate.  Soil  and  climate  are  usually  considered  together 
and  termed  "site."  This  bulletin  sets  forth  the  results  of  measure- 
ments and  comparisons  of  the  rate  of  growth  of  the  four  most  im- 
portant oaks  of  the  Ozark  Region  of  Missouri  when  grown  under 
identical  conditions  of  stand  and  site.  The  species  studied  are 
black  oak,  black  jack  oak,  white  oak  and  post  oak  and  the  en- 
vironment is  that  which  has  existed  in  this  particular  locality  dur- 
ing the  past  two  centuries.  The  growth  is  shown  in  detail  in 
Tables  I  to  VIII  and  is  shown  graphically  in  the  plates. 

Black  oak  and  white  oak  attain  a  volume  of  one  cord  when 
19  inches  in  diameter;  half  a  cord  at  14  inches  and  a  quarter  of  a 
cord  at  11. inches.  As  between  the  two,  black  oak  grows  much 

4G1653 


\4  ;  {:\  I  MISSOURI  AGR.  EXP.  STA.  RESEARCH  BULLETIN  41 


~  ;  i&6re"  r&pidly  than  white  oak  during  the  first  century.  The  ratio 
of  their  growths  depends  on  the  age  at  which  comparison  is  made. 
At  100  years  the  white  oak  is  10  inches  in  diameter,  52  feet  high 
and  has  a  volume  of  13  cubic  feet,  while  the  black  oak  is  15  inches 
in  diameter  and  66  feet  high  with  a  volume  of  37  cubic  feet.  A 
comparison  of  the  growth  of  black  oak  and  white  oak  with  the 
same  or  related  species  in  the  mixed  hardwood  forests  of  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee  indicates  that  white  oak  grows  more  slowly  and 
black  oak  more  rapidly  in  Missouri. 

The  growth  of  post  oak  and  black  jack  oak  is  slower — too 
slow  to  warrant  favoring  either  of  them  in  the  future  forests  of 
the  Ozarks.  Black  jack  has  neither  silvicultural  value  nor  wood 
quality  to  recommend  it  while  the  desirable  features  of  the  post 
oak  appear  to  be  adequately  filled  by  the  white  oak.  The  data  col- 
lected for  this  report  does  not  warrant  a  comparative  study  of  the 
black  oak,  red  oak,  Texan  oak,  and  Spanish  oak  and  these  are 
grouped  as  one  species.  It  remains  for  later  investigations  to  fur- 
nish material  for  this  comparison. 

There  are  approximately  seven  million  acres  of  land  in  the 
Ozark  Region  of  Missouri  that  are  better  adapted  to  the  growth 
of  timber  than  to  the  growth  of  any  other  crop.  Among  the 
different  kinds  of  soil,  that  known  as  Clarksville  stony  loam  covers 
large  areas  and  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  Ozark  Region.  It  nat- 
urally varies  considerably  and  while  there  are  many  acres  of  this 
type  that  may  be  cultivated,  at  least  a  corresponding  area  of  other 
types  cannot  be  farmed  with  profit.  Wherever  the  ground  is 
too  rough  or  too  rocky  or  too  poor  for  cultivation  it  would  better 
be  kept  in  timber.  Trees  will  grow  there  and  cattle  can  graze  on 
the  forage  produced  in  the  forest  as  it  approaches  maturity. 

FOREST  SOIL— THE  CLARKSVILLE  STONY  LOAM 

Appearance  and  Composition. — The  typical  forest  soil  of  the 
Ozark  Region  of  Missouri  is  Clarksville  stony  loam.  "In  its  gen- 
eral characteristics  Clarksville  stony  loam  is  a  gray,  very  stony 
silt  loam  with  a  gray  or  pale  yellowish  stony,  silty  clay  subsoil. 
The  fine  material  of  the  lower  subsoil  is  usually  reddish  brown  in 

color  and  a  clay  in  texture From  25  to  90  percent  of  the  soil 

mass  consists  of  chert  fragments  ranging  in  size  from  small  par- 
ticles to  pieces  several  feet  in  diameter.  Sometimes  the  surface  is 
so  thickly  strewn  with  these  fragments  as  to  form  almost  a  com- 
plete covering.  In  the  subsoil  of  the  very  stony  areas  the  chert 


GROWTH  OF  OAK  IN  THE  OZARKS  5 

is  commonly  fitted  together  somewhat  in  the  form  of  the  original 
rock,  but  in  most  places  the  lower  stratum  consists  of  a  compact 
mass  of  cherty  gravel  and  reddish  clay.  Rock  outcrops  and  stony 
cliffs  are  numerous.  In  general,  the  south  and  west  slopes  al- 
ways contain  more  stones  than  the  north  slopes,  a  condition  found 
in  all  the  gravelly  and  stony  soils  of  the  Ozark  Region 

Origin. — "The  rocks  giving  rise  to  the  Clarksville  stony  loam 
consists  mainly  of  very  cherty  limestones,  with  occasional  thin 
beds  of  sandstone.  The  resulting  soil  therefore  is  very  stony  and 
such  fine  material  as  is  formed  is  largely  washed  away."* 

Topography  and  soil  phases. — Clarksville  stony  loam  occupies 
a  large  per  cent  of  the  roughest  part  of  the  Ozark  Region.  The 
surface  is  mainly  a  succession  of  narrow  ridges,  alternating  with 
deep  ravines.  Relative  elevations  are  seldom  in  excess  of  200 
feet.  On  some  of  the  broader  ridges  and  northern  slopes  this 
soil  type  gives  way  to  a  gravelly  loam,  the  chief  distinguishing 
characteristic  being  a  lower  per  cent  of  rock  content.  At  the  foot  of 
the  longer  slopes,  along  fair  sized  streams,  the  finer  soil  particles 
from  the  hills  accumulate  and  form  what  is  known  locally  as  bot- 
tom land. 

Agriculture  and  Grazing.  Most  of  the  farms  have  been  lo- 
cated on  the  better  grades  of  soil.  They  are  found  in  the  bottoms 
or  on  the  flat  ridge  tops  and  extend  along  the  north  slopes — places 
where  the  rock  content  is  lowest.  Much  of  the  area  occupied  by 
soils  of  the  Clarksville  type  is  too  rocky,  rough  and  dry  to  raise 
field  crops.  During  favorable  seasons  yields  of  25  bushels  of  corn, 
15  bushels  of  wheat  or  a  ton  of  hay  an  acre  are  attained.  Very 
often,  however,  the  crops  are  almost  complete  failures. 

Stock  raising  has  from  the  earliest  settlement  of  this  region 
contributed  largely  to  the  farmers'  income.  Many  localities  still 
contain  large  areas  of  wild  land  usually  owned  by  non-residents 
and  entirely  unfenced.  Such  tracts  constitute  a  free  range  the  area 
of  which  is  largely  increased  by  the  unfenced  portion  of  farms. 

"Most  of  the  range  is  very  poor,  especially  for  cattle In  a 

few  remote  sections  of  the  southern  counties  cattle  still  do  well 
on  the  range.  The  nature  of  the  range  in  most  parts,  however,  is 
such  that  the  production  of  beef  of  good  quality  is  out  of  the  ques- 
tion.'^ 

*M.  F.  Miller  and  H.  H.  Krusekopf,  "Soils  of  Missouri,"   Bulletin   153,   Mo.  Agr.   Exp.    Sta. 

p.    81. 
tSauer,    "The   Geography  of  the  Ozark  Highland   of    Missouri,"   p.   185. 


6  MISSOURI  AGR.  EXP.  STA.  RESEARCH  BULLETIN  41 

Because  it  calls  for  small  initial  investment  the  production  of 
scrub  cattle  on  open  range  is  still  generally  practiced.  Hog  rais- 
ing particularly  of  the  bacon  breed  is  better  adapted  to  the  nature 
of  the  country. 

"For  the  raising  of  hogs  conditions  are  much  better,  as  the 
abundance  of  acorns  and  other  mast  makes  the  average  range 
fairly  good."* 

THE  FOREST 

Composition. — Various  species  of  oaks  make  up  the  bulk  of 
the  forest  on  the  Clarksville  stony  loam,  chief  among  them  being 
black,  red,  Spanish,  black  jack,  white  and  post  oaks  while  there  is 
also  a  scattering  of  hickory  and  some  sour  gum  in  places.  The 
mixture  is  not  uniform  but  there  are  stands  of  all  graduations  from 
an  almost  pure  stand  of  any  one  of  the  principal  species  to  an 
almost  even  mixture  of  all  species  except  gum.  In  general,  the 
broader  ridge  tops  support  a  growth  of  post  oaks  while  near  the 
break  of  the  slopes  or  on  top,  black  jack  in  varying  numbers  is 
found.  Most  of  the  slopes  bear  a  stand  of  either  the  black  or  red 
oaks  or  these  species  mixed  with  white  oak.  Most  of  the  white 
oak  occurs  on  northern  exposures  or  near  the  bottom  of  the  slopes 
and  in  the  stream  valleys. 

Size  and  Condition  of  Trees. — The  trees  are  usually  of  small 
size,  too  small  for  saw  timber.  The  bulk  of  the  timber  from  this 
region  goes  on  the  market  as  ties  or  cordwood  or  is  used  locally 
for  fuel  and  fencing.  Then,  too,  much  of  it  is  defective.  As  a  rule, 
black  jack  seldom  reaches  a  size  of  more  than  10  to  12  inches  in 
diameter  and  when  it  becomes  3  or  4  inches  in  diameter  it  is  sub- 
ject to  shake  and  heart  rot.  It  is  rarely  used  except  for  fuel. 
Post  oak  is  usually  a  rather  small  tree,  reaching  in  rare  cases  a 
diameter  in  excess  of  20  inches.  Fire  scars,  hollow,  butts  and 
both  red  and  brown  heart  rot  are  the  commonest  defects.  On  the 
whole,  these  two  species  are  the  most  defective  of  any  found  in 
the  Ozark  forests.  White  oak,  especially  on  the  small  patches  of 
fair  soil  close  to  the  streams  remains  sound  and  becomes  a  large 
timber  tree.  The  larger  trees  on  the  poor  soil  are  often  rotten 
near  the  ground.  The  black  or  red  oaks  appear  to  be  compara- 
tively free  from  defects  although  some  rotten  trees  are  found.  It 

*Sauer,   "The   Geography   of   the   Ozark   Highland    of    Missouri,"   p.    185. 


GROWTH  OF  OAK  IN  THE  OZARKS  7 

is  very  probable  that  one  or  both  of  these  species  should  form  the 
main  portion  of  the  stand  in  the  future  forests  in  this  region. 

Fires.— Fires  are  mainly  responsible  for  the  present  poor  con- 
dition of  the  forest.  Farmers  have  repeatedly  burned  the  woods 
hoping,  by  this  means  to  improve  the  grass  and  to  kill  out  ticks  and 
brush.  As  a  result,  the  brush  which  has  been  killed  back  has 
sent  up  numerous  sprouts  from  the  roots  and  stumps  and  now 
more  brush  is  present  than  there  would  have  been  had  the  fires 
never  occurred.  A  small  sapling  or  pole  may  not  be  killed  by 
fire  as  it  runs  through  the  woods  but  the  bark  on  one  side  will  be 
so  scorched  that  it  will  crack  or  fall  away,  thus  allowing  heart  rot 
fungi  to  gain  entrance.  Scattered  throughout  the  forest  are  tracts 
where  fire  has  not  done  much  damage.  Here  is  found  a  consid- 
erable amount  of  young  stuff  in  the  pole  stage. 

Origin  and  Reproduction. — The  origin  of  the  forest  is  mostly 
seedling.  Some  of  the  younger  trees,  poles  and  saplings  are  from 
sprouts  put  out  from  the  burned  stumps  of  seedlings.  Young 
post  and  white  oak  trees  up  to  about  10  to  12  inches  on  the  stump 
will  sprout  fairly  well  and  will  reproduce  a  cut  over  area.  The 
black  oaks  sprout  vigorously  up  to  the  time  they  reach  a  diameter 
of  15  inches.  The  sprouting  capacity  of  fair  sized  stumps  de- 
pends somewhat  on  their  height.  For  example,  two  15  inch  trees 
are  cut,  one  with  a  stump  12  inches  high  and  the  other  with  a  30 
inch  stump.  The  12  inch  stump  will  send  up  good  sprouts  but  the 
sprouts  from  the  other,  if  there  be  any,  will  usually  die  before 
fall.  It  is  advisable  to  cut  timber  in  winter  if  the  forest  is  to  be  re- 
produced by  sprouts.  Where  hogs  run  loose  in  woods  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  secure  a  new  stand  of  seedling  growth  and  sprouts 
must  be  relied  on  or  the  tract  fenced. 

GROWTH  STUDIES 

Locality  and  Field  Work. — The  measurements  upon  which 
these  growth  studies  rest  were  made  in  the  woods  northeast  of 
Midco,  Missouri,  chiefly  in  Township  27  north  and  Range  2  west 
of  the  Fifth  Principal  Meridian  in  Carter  County.  Here  the  Mid- 
Continent  Iron  Company  is  engaged  in  the  production  of  cordwood 
on  a  large  scale  to  furnish  charcoal  for  its  blast  furnace  at  Midco. 
The  work  had  the  hearty  support  and  cooperation  not  only  of  the 
manager  and  officers  of  the  company  but  of  the  entire  personnel 
at  every  point  where  contact  was  established.  Without  such  co- 


8  MISSOURI  AGR.  EXP.  STA.  RESEARCH  BULLETIN  41 

operation  the  results  here  attained  could  not  have  been  secured. 
The  field  work  was  done  in  the  summer  of  1918.  All  computa- 
tions were  completed  during  the  year  following.  The  manu- 
script has  been  subject  to  revision  particularly  in  the  light  of  new 
information  of  a  general  nature  bearing  on  tree  growth  in  the 
Ozarks. 

Measurements. — These  were  made  in  part  on  trees  cut  in  the 
usual  course  of  the  company's  operations ;  in  part  on  trees  cut  by 
the  company  in  the  particular  interest  of  this  work.  The  trees 
measured  were  grouped  into  four  species;  white  oak  (Quercus 
alba  L.),  post  oak  (Quercus  minor  (Marsh.)  Sargent),  black  jack 
oak  (Quercus  Marilandica  Muenchh.)  and  black  oak  (Quercus 
velutina  Lam.)  Black  oak  was  extended  to  include  the  closely 
related  red  oak,  Texan  oak  and  Spanish  oak. 

Numerically  these  four  oaks  are  represented  in  this  study  as 
follows : 

Post   Oak    118  trees 

Black  Oak    114  trees 

Black  Jack   54  trees 

White   Oak    ,  49  trees 


Total    335  trees 

The  bole  of  each  of  these  trees  was  cut  into  four-foot  lengths 
and  a  complete  stem  analysis  was  made  with  ring  counts  and  the 
usual  measurements  at  each  section  with  the  exception  of  those 
sections  showing  defects. 

Computation. — The  procedure  followed  in  computing  vol- 
umes and  other  derived  values  from  the  recorded  data  has  been 
described  in  the  Journal  of  Forestry,*  in  connection  with  a  dis- 
cussion of  the  mechanical  conveniences  employed  and  reference 
is  here  made  to  that  article  for  a  detailed  statement  of  the  methods 
used. 

RESULTS 

Diameter  Growth. — Diameter  growth  was  studied  by  finding 
the  relation  between  the  radial  growth  during  a  given  decade  and 
the  radius  at  the  beginning  of  that  decade.  This  relation  is  shown 
in  Figure  1  although,  for  obvious  reasons  diameters  are  here 

*Pegg,    Ernest  C,    Mechanical   Aids  in   Stem  Analysis,  Journal  of  Forestry,    XVII;   pp.    682- 
5:      Oct.    1919. 


GROWTH  OF  OAK  IN  THE  OZARKS  9 

shown,  and  not  radii.  A  similar  study  of  bark  thickness  in  rela- 
tion to  present  diameter  inside  the  bark  is  the  basis  for  Figure  2. 
It  is  obvious  that  while  a  single  section  will  serve  to  locate  but  a 
single  point  on  Figure  2  it  will  locate  on  Figure  1  as  many  points 
as  there  are  full  decades  in  its  age. 

Tables  I  to  IV  show  the  diameter  growth  at  breast-height  for 
the  four  species  as  read  from  the  curves  in  Figures  1  and  2.  The 
first  column  is  the  diameter  in  inches  inside  the  bark  at  breast- 
icight,  a  point  4^2  feet  above  the  ground.  The  second  column 
s  the  diameter  growth  (twice  the  radial  growth)  of  wood  laid  on 
during  the  ten  years  following  the  attainment  of  the  diameter 
shown  in  the  first  (and  last)  columns.  The  third  column  is  the 


TABLE  I. — DIAMETER  GROWTH  AT  BREAST-HEIGHT — BLACK  OAK. 


Inside  bark 

Diameter 

Thickness 

Age  on 

outside 

Diameter 

Period  to 

of  bark 

stump 

bark 

Diameter 

increase 

increase  1  in. 

in    10   years 

in  diameter 

inches 

inches 

years 

inches 

years 

inches 

0 

.20 

8 

.... 

3 

1 

.27 

8 

.20 

11 

1.20 

2 

.37 

7 

.38 

19 

2.38 

3 

.47 

6 

.56 

26 

3.56 

4 

.57 

6 

.72 

32 

4.72 

5 

1.67 

6 

.84 

38 

5.84 

6 

1.72 

6 

.94 

44 

6.94 

7 

1.74 

6 

1.00 

50 

8.00 

8 

1.73 

6 

1.06 

56 

9.06 

9 

1.72 

6 

1.10 

62 

10.10 

10 

1.68 

6 

1.14 

68 

11.14 

11 

1.63 

6 

1.18 

74 

12.18 

12 

1.57 

6 

1.24 

80 

13.24 

13 

1.53 

7 

1.31 

86 

14.31 

14 

1.47 

7 

1.39 

93 

15.39 

15 

1.44 

7 

1.50 

100 

16.50 

16 

1.41 

7 

1.63 

107 

17.63 

17 

1.38 

7 

1.77 

114 

18.77 

18 

1.35 

7 

1.92 

121 

19.92 

19 

.... 

2.07 

128 

21.07 

10 


MISSOURI  AGR.  EXP.  STA.  RESEARCH  BULLETIN  41 


number  of  years  required  to  make  an  increase  of  1  inch  in  di- 
ameter of  wood  (not  including  bark  growth).  It  is  computed 
from  the  second  column.  The  fourth  column  shows  the  average 
double  thickness  of  bark  for  each  inch  class  of  wood  diameter. 
The  initial  value  in  the  fifth  column  is  derived  from  field  data  but 
all  subsequent  values  are  derived  in  turn  by  adding  to  the  value 
in  column  five  the  value  in  column  three.  The  last  column  is 
the  diameter  outside  the  bark  and  is  the  sum  of  the  first  and 
fourth  columns.  It  is  the  value  obtained  in  calipering  standing 
trees  at  breast-height  (D.  B.  H.).  When  plotted  the  data  in  col- 
umns five  and  six  give  the  curves  shown  in  Figure  3. 

Height-Growth. — The  relation  between  diameter  at  breast- 
height  outside  the  bark  and  the  total  height  of  the  tree  as  comput- 
ed from  the  field  data  is  shown  in  Figure  4.  It  will  be  noted  on 
this  figure  that  the  course  for  white  oak,  post  oak  and  black  jack1 
oak  coincide  below  15  feet  and  the  curves  for  post  oak  and  black 
jack  coincide  below  40  feet. 

Volume  Growth. — The  volume  of  a  tree  is  either  its  total 
gross  volume  or  that  portion  of  its  gross  volume  which  is  used — 

TABLE  II. — DIAMETER  GROWTH  AT  BREAST-HEIGHT — BLACK  JACK  OAK. 


Inside  bark 

Diameter 

Thickness 

Age  on 

outside 

Diameter 

Period  to 

of  bark 

stump 

bark 

Diameter 

increase 

increase  1  in. 

in    10   years 

in  diameter 

inches 

inches 

years 

inches 

years 

inches 

0 

1.16 

9 

.... 

4 

.... 

1 

1.15 

9 

.23 

13 

1.23 

2 

1.13 

9 

.47 

22 

2.47 

3 

1.13 

9 

.63 

31 

3.63 

4 

1.13 

9 

.80 

40 

4.80 

5 

1.15 

9 

.96 

49 

5.96 

6 

1.17 

8 

1.10 

58 

7.10 

7 

1.18 

8 

1.24 

66 

8.24 

8 

1.19 

8 

1.38 

74 

9.38 

9 

1.20 

8 

1.54 

82 

10.54 

10 

1.22 

8 

1.73 

90 

11.75 

11 



1.90 

98 

12.90 

GROWTH  OF  OAK  IN  THE  OZARKS 


11 


the  net  volume.  Since  gross  volume  possesses  a  great  scientific 
but  small  practical  value  it  is  usually  expressed  in  solid  measure 
as  in  cubic  feet.  That  portion  of  the  total  volume  which  finds 
commercial  use— the  net  volume— is  ordinarily  expressed  in  the 
commercial  unit  of  measurement;  in  this  case  the  cord.  To  facil- 
itate comparison  with  the  total  volume  the  used  volume  is  also 
expressed  in  cubic  feet.  The  relationships  of  these  volumes  to  the 
diameter  at  breast-height  are  shown  in  Figures  5,  6  and  7. 

Tables  V  to  VIII  were  read  from  the  curves  of  Figures  3,  4, 
5,  6,  and  7.  The  first  column  shows  the  diameter  outside  the  bark 
at  breast-height ;  the  following  five  columns  show  the  correspond- 
ing values  read  from  the  five  curves.  The  last  column  shows  the 
distribution  of  the  trees  measured  among  the  different  diameter- 

TABLE  III. — DIAMETER  GROWTH  AT  BREAST-HEIGHT — WHITE  OAK. 


Inside  bark 

Diameter 

Thickness 

Age  on 

outside 

Diameter 

Period  to 

of  bark 

stump 

bark 

Diameter 

increase 

ncrease  1  in. 

in    10   years 

n  diameter 

inches 

inches 

years 

inches 

years 

inches 

0 

1.05 

9 

.... 

5 

.... 

1 

1.05 

9 

.15 

14 

1.15 

2 

1.05 

9 

.30 

23 

2.30 

3 

1.05 

10 

.43 

32 

3.43 

4 

1.03 

10 

.55 

42 

4.55 

5 

1.02 

10 

.64 

52 

5.64 

6 

1.00 

10 

.72 

62 

6.72 

7 

1.00 

10 

.79 

72 

7.79 

8 

1.00 

10 

.87 

82 

8.87 

9 

1.03 

10 

.97 

92 

9.97 

10 

1.07 

9 

1.08 

102 

11.08 

11 

1.12 

9 

1.16 

111 

12.16 

12 

1.16 

9 

1.23 

120 

13.23 

13 

1.20 

8 

1.28 

129 

14.28 

14 

1.22 

8 

1.36 

137 

15.36 

15 

1.24 

8 

1.45 

145 

16.45 

16 

1.25 

8 

1.55 

153 

17.55 

17 

1.25 

8 

1.67 

161 

18.67 

18 

1.79 

169 

19.79 

14 


MISSOURI  AGR.  EXP.  STA.  RESEARCH  BULLETIN  41 


The  diameter  growth  of  white  oak  in  Carter  County  falls  uni- 
formly about  one-quarter  inch  below  the  diameter  growth  for 
seedling  white  oak  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  until  an  age  of 
130  years  is  reached.  At  140  years  the  two  curves  cross  and 
growth  in  the  Ozarks  thereafter  rises  sharply  above  that  east  of 
the  river.  This  may  be  a  result  however  of  a  difference  of  pro- 
cedure in  constructing  the  two  curves. 

The  diameter  growth  of  seedling  chestnut  oak  in  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee  is  almost  identical  with  that  of  white  oak  in  Mis- 
souri until  an  age  of  100  years  is  reached.  Beyond  that  the  chest- 
nut oak  falls  behind  very  distinctly. 

Except  during  the  first  three  decades  the  diameter  growth  of 
black  oak  in  Missouri  is  more  rapid  than  that  of  black  oak  east  of 


TABLE  VI. — RELATION  OF  AGE,  HEIGHT  AND  VOLUME  TO  DIAMETER  AT  BREAST- 
HEIGHT — BLACK  JACK  OAK. 


Volume 

D.  B.  H. 

outside 

Age  on 

Total 

No. 

bark 

stump 

height 

Total 

U 

sed 

of 

inches 
1 

years 
11 

feet 
9.5 

cu.  ft. 

cu.  ft. 

cords 

trees 

2 

19 

15.0 

4 

3 

26 

20.5 

.5 

.4 

.006 

4 

34 

26.5 

1  0 

8 

014 

5 

41 

31.5 

1.9 

1.7 

.024 

12 

6 

49 

36.0 

3.4 

3.1 

.042 

15 

7 

57 

39.5 

5.2 

4.7 

.061 

7 

8 

65 

42.5 

7.2 

6.5 

.089 

5 

9 

72 

44.5 

9.4 

8.5 

.115 

10 

10 

78 

46.5 

11.5 

10.6 

.146 

1 

11 

85 

48.0 

14.2 

13.2 

.186 

1 

12 

92 

49.5 

17.5 

16.0 

.235 

1 

13 

51  0 

21  4 

19  3 

.300 

1 

14 

52  5 

25  5 

23  1 

373 

1 

15 

53  5 

29  8 

26  8 

452 

16 

34  4 

30  6 

54 

GROWTH  OF  OAK  IN  THE  OZARKS 


15 


the  river,  the  two  curves  crossing  at  45  years.  This  may  be  due 
to  the  failure  in  this  work  to  separate  red  oak  from  black  oak. 
There  is  no  data  for  seedling  red  oak  in  Kentucky. 

A  comparison  of  the  form  of  these  Ozark  oaks  with  those 
from  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  on  the  basis  of  the  measurements 
just  made  shows  that  the  Ozark  oaks  have  a  considerably  great- 
er taper.  Ozark  black  oaks  of  a  given  diameter  are  about  3  feet 


TABLE  VII. — RELATION  OF  AGE,  HEIGHT  AND  VOLUME  TO  DIAMETER  AT  BREAST- 
HEIGHT — WHITE  OAK. 


Volume 

D.  B.  H. 

outside 

Age  on 

Total 

No. 

bark 

stump 

height 

Total 

Used 

of 

inches 
1 
2 

years 
12 
20 

feet 
9.5 
15.0 

cu.  ft. 

cu.  ft. 

cords 

trees 

.6 

3 

28 

20.0 

1.0 

.8 

.006 

4 

36 

25.2 

1.5 

1.3 

.014 

1 

5 

45 

30.5 

2.5 

2.2 

.024 

3 

6 

54 

35.5 

3.7 

3.4 

.042 

5 

7 

64 

40.0 

5.4 

5.0 

.061 

5 

8 

73 

44.2 

7.4 

7.0 

.089 

3 

9 

82 

48.0 

10.0 

9.2 

.126 

3 

10 

91 

51.5 

13.0 

11.8 

.172 

3 

11 

100 

54.5 

16.3 

14.7 

.227 

2 

12 

109 

57.5 

20.4 

18.0 

.295 

3 

13 

117 

60.0 

24.7 

21.7 

.367 

5 

14 

126 

62.0 

29.3 

26.0 

.454 

1 

15 

134 

63.5 

34.5 

30.6 

.550 

2 

16 

141 

65.2 

39.8 

35.6 

.648 

3 

17 

148 

66.5 

45.4 

41.0 

.764 

7 

18 

155 

67.5 

51.5 

46.8 

.885 

19 

162 

68.5 

58.3 

53.2 

1.015 

2 

20 

170 

69.5 

65.5 

60.0 

1.148 

1 

21 

70.5 

72.7 

67.5 

1.280 

22 

71.5 

85.2 

76.0 

1.430 

23 

72.5 

49 

16 


MISSOURI  AGR.  EXP.  STA.  RESEARCH  BULLETIN  41 


shorter  until  a  diameter  of  fifteen  inches  is  reached;  beyond  this 
point  the  disparity  increases  until  at  twenty-two  inches  Mis- 
souri trees  have  attained  a  height  of  but  74  feet  as  against  85  feet 
for  trees  across  the  river. 

The  disparity  is  even  greater  in  the  case  of  the  white  oak.  A 
difference  in  height  of  5  feet  (25-30)  at  4  inches  increases  to  a  dif- 
ference of  18  feet  (70-88)  at  20  inches  D.  B.  H. 


TABLE  VIII. — RELATION  OF  AGE,  HEIGHT  AND  VOLUME  TO  DIAMETER  AT  BREAST- 
HEIGHT — POST  OAK. 


Volume 

D.  B.  H. 

outside 

Age  on 

Total 

No. 

bark 

stump 

height 

of 

Total 

Us 

>ed 

inches 
1 

years 
13 

feet 
9.5 

cu.  ft. 

cu.  ft. 

cords 

trees 

2 

22 

15.0 

.5 

3 

31 

20.2 

.8 

0.7 

.006 

4 

42 

26.5 

1.4 

1.2 

.014 

4 

5 

53 

31.5 

2.3 

2.1 

.024 

11 

6 

65 

36.0 

3.5 

3.3 

.040 

16 

7 

76 

39.7 

5.4 

4.8 

.058 

10 

8 

88 

42.7 

7.5 

6.5 

.088 

15 

9 

100 

45.0 

9.5 

8.5 

.123 

13 

10 

112 

47.0 

12.0 

10.7 

.165 

11 

11 

124 

49.0 

15.0 

13.3 

.214 

8 

12 

134 

50.5 

18.2 

16.2 

.272 

6 

13 

145 

52.0 

22.0 

19.8 

.327 

7 

14 

157 

53.5 

26.2 

23.9 

.388 

5 

15 

172 

54.7 

30.7 

28.0 

.460 

6 

16 

193 

55.7 

35.8 

32.6 

.537 

3 

17 



57.0 

41.5 

38.0 

.622 

1 

18 

58.0 

47.7 

44.0 

.708 

2 

19 

58.7 

54.5 

50.2 

.800 



20 

59.5 

61.6 

57.0 

.897 

21 

60.2 

69.2 

64.3 

.996 

22 

61.0 

76.8 

71.7 

23 

61.7 

118 

GROWTH  OF  OAK  IN  THE  OZARKS 


17 


Lack  of  data  prevents  the  drawing  of  similar  comparisons  for 
black  jack  oak  and  post  oak. 

YIELDS  OF  SAMPLE  ACRES 

As  a  check  four  sample  acres  were  laid  off,  felled,  cut  into 
4-foot  lengths,  corded  up  and  measured.  All  four  of  the  plots  were 
located  on  dry  Clarksville  stony  loam  where  occasional  fires  have 
destroyed  almost  all  the  leaves  and  other  litter.  Many  of  the 
trees  were  fire-scarred  and  more  or  less  rotten  at  the  base.  The 
post  and  white  oak  seemed  to  be  particularly  subject  to  rot  after 
fire. 

Plot  I  was  a  very  open  stand  on  a  northern  exposure.  It  lay 
just  over  the  break  on  a  rather  steep  slope.  The  ground  was 
fairly  well  covered  with  grass  and  weeds  but  there  was  very  little 
litter,  mineral  soil  being  exposed  over  almost  the  entire  tract. 
Loose  rock  fragments  were  abundant.  A  few  saplings  grew  in  the 

TABLE  IX. — TALLY  OF  TREES  ON  PLOT  I. 


D.  B.  H. 

Number  of  Trees. 

Inches 

Black  Oak 

White  Oak 

Post  Oak 

5 

1 

6 

7 
8 
9 
10 

11 
12 

1 
1 
4 
1 
2 

2 
2 

1 
1 
2 

1 
1 

1 

2 

1 
1 
1 
1 

1 

13 

1 

14 

2 

1 

15 

1 

2 

16 

2 

2 

17 

1 

1 

18 

1 

19 

1 

1 

Total  

21 

11 

12 

Grand  Total .  .      .  .  44  Trees 


Yield 14.75  Cords 


18 


MISSOURI  AGR.  EXP.  STA.  RESEARCH  BULLETIN  41 


more  open  spots  but  smaller  trees  were  absent.  The  number  and 
size  of  the  trees  are  shown  in  Table  IX. 

Plot  II  contained  142  trees,  most  of  which  were  of  small  size. 
The  slope  was  gentle,  being  on  one  side  of  a  rather  broad  ridge 
and  was  exposed  to  the  south.  The  forest  cover  was  too  dense 
to  permit  the  growth  of  young  trees  or  more  than  a  scattering  stand 
of  grass.  The  tally  of  trees  is  as  shown  in  Table  X. 

Plot  III  was  on  a  very  steep,  rocky  slope  with  a  northeastern 
exposure.  The  stand  was  of  medium  density  with  very  little 
young  timber  or  undergrowth.  Herbaceous  growth  was  also 
very  light.  The  soil  was  very  rocky  and  exposed  for  the  most 
part,  covered  in  spots  with  a  loose  layer  of  leaves.  Table  XI 
shows  the  number  and  size  of  trees. 

Plot  IV  was  situated  on  a  moderate  slope  with  a  northern  ex- 
posure. It  was  a  fairly  dense  stand  with  no  reproduction  and  no 


TABLE  X. — TALLY  OF  TREES  ON  PLOT  II. 


D.  B.  H. 

Number  c 

if  Trees. 

inches 

Black  Oak 

Black  Jack 

White  Oak 

Post  Oak 

4 

1 

1 

5 

6 

7 

3 

3 
3 

11 

12 

7 

1 
2 

5 

11 

2 

8 
9 

2 
2 

5 
6 

1 

8 
10 

10 

9 

3 

11 

4 

1 

5 

12 

4 

3 

13 

2 

1 

5 

14 

1 

1 

1 

15 

16 

1 

1 

3 

17 

18 

1 

Total  

34 

43 

7 

58 

Grand  Total . .      .  .  142  Trees 


Yield..       ..20.63  Cords. 


GROWTH  OF  OAK  IN  THE  OZARKS 


19 


saplings.  In  a  few  places  there  was  a  fair  growth  of  weeds  and 
grass  but  on  most  of  the  area  the  bare  rocky  soil  was  exposed. 
The  number  and  size  of  trees  is  given  in  Table  XII. 

At  the  bottom  of  each  table  is  given  the  yield  of  the  sample 
acre  in  cords.  These  are  the  figures  obtained  by  stacking  the  cut 
wood  and  measuring  the  dimension  of  the  pile.  It  is  instructive 
to  compare  this  observed  volume  with  the  volume  as  computed 
from  the  tally  of  the  trees  on  each  acre  by  the  use  of  the  volume 
tables. 

This  table  furnished  us  with  a  criterion  of  the  accuracy  with 
which  the  volume  tables  already  computed  can  be  applied.  The 
average  error  on  these  four  plots  is  3  per  cent  and  this  is  consid- 


TABLE  XI. — TALLY  OF  TREES  ON  PLOT  III. 


D.  B.  H. 

Number  ( 

)f  Trees. 

Inches 

Black  Oak 

Black  Jack 

White  Oak 

Post  Oak 

4 

1 

5 
6 

2 
1 

1 

3 

1 

4 
2 

7 

2 

4 

8 

5 

4 

9 

3 

4 

2 

10 

1 

1 

5 

11 

6 

2 

12 

1 

1 

3 

13 

2 

1 

1 

14 

1 

3 

15 

1 

4 

16 

1 

17 

3 

1 

18 

1 

19 

20 

1 

21 

1 

Total  

30 

12 

3 

35 

Grand  Total . .      . .  80  Trees. 


Yield..       ..20.87  Cords. 


20          MISSOURI  AGR.  EXP.  STA.  RESEARCH  BULLETIN  41 

TABLE  XII.— TALLY  OF  TREES  ON  PLOT  IV. 


D.  B.  H. 

Inches 

Number  of  Trees. 

Black  Oak 

White  Oak 

Post  Oak 

4 
5 

6 
7 
8 
9 
10 

11 
12 
13 
14 
15 

16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

21 

1 

2 
2 

1 
3 
2 

1 

4 
2 

3 
3 
2 
1 

4 
1 
2 
5 

2 

1 

2 
2 
4 
1 
2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

5 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1 

Total  

28 

28 

13 

Grand  Total.  .      . .  69  Trees. 


Yield 22.62  Cords. 


TABLE  XIII. — COMPARISON  OF  OBSERVED  AND  COMPUTED  YIELDS. 


Trees 

Observed 

Computed 

Error 

Plot 

Number 

Volume 

Volumes 

Percent 

Cords 

Cords 

I 

44 

14.75 

13.74 

—6.8 

II 

142 

20.63 

20.41 

—1.1 

III 

80 

20.87 

19.59 

—6.1 

IV 

69 

22.62 

22.98 

+  1.6 

GROWTH  OF  OAK  IN  THE  OZARKS  21 

ered  a  satisfactory  degree  of  accuracy  in  view  of  the  loose  (and 
accordingly  variable)  'practice  followed  in  stacking  cordwood. 
Moreover  the  tables  err  in  the  direction  of  understatement  which 
is  the  less  objectionable  direction. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

The  plan  of  the  investigation  here  reported  is  the  joint  work 
of  the  authors.  The  field  work  was  carried  out  at  Midco,  Missouri 
in  the  summer  of  1918  by  Professor  Pegg  and  Mr.  F.  R.  Bruto. 
All  computations  were  performed  by  Professor  Pegg  the  following 
autumn  at  Columbia.  Most  of  the  figures  and  tables  are  publish- 
ed as  prepared  by  him.  His  assistance  has  not  been  available  in 
the  final  preparation  of  the  letterpress  because  of  his  resignation 
from  the  University  of  Missouri  and  it  has  not  been  possible  to 
submit  it  to  him  for  his  criticism. 


22 


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